grregg said:
@Knight
My argument is rather that in the heat of the moment it could be hard to tell a reformist statesman from a revolutionary. Just recall Augustus biography. Imagine that you are in Rome right when Augustus and his pals are proscribing senators and citizens to grab their possessions and finance their next civil war. Can you at that very moment discern that Augustus is a man marked by destiny and will bring peace and prosperity to Rome? What exactly separates him from Antony or whoever else was running around at the time?
You will never be able to know for certain and to imply that any system can provide that certainty is an illusion. Especially when you are in the middle of a civil war.
If you are talking about during the proscriptions, then what would have been evident is that the Triumvirate was much better positioned to bring peace and order and avenge Caesar's death, which was the case. Most people naturally trusted the Populares and would rather have them united then face civil war. It is faulty to single out Augustus during that period as he was part of an alliance.
Now as for later. It's pretty self evident who from within the Triumvirate was the best candidate available. Marc Antony was a drunken imbecile who kept showing off his Egyptian-philia. Lepidus was an insignificant weakling from the very beginning, evidenced from the fact that he got North Africa to rule, the least important province. And you had Augustus, the heir of Caesar, the man who kept giving his money to help people (as opposed to Antony) and who eventually beat Sextus Pompei and Lepidus. During which he also started construction projects in Rome.
Now what was in doubt was Augustus' military capacity, but it would have been pretty evident who between Augustus and Antony was best for Rome as a statesman (everyone knew Antony was a general and not a statesman).
So in the context of a civil war, where it is obviously going to be chaotic and full of confusion, one could still discern who was the best candidate from the options available, without of course knowing with a 100% certainty.
What I'm saying is that killing people in the name of the glorious future is what a lot of revolutions do, and it is not an appealing proposition. Not to mention that Augustus converted a republic into an empire and that sounds pretty revolutionary to me. So what exactly is a difference between a reformist statesman and a revolutionary?
What is appealing to you is irrelevant to what is necessary to do in a civil war or crisis and re-imposing law and order. Killing people happens to be a necessity in a lot of situations and we can complain all we want, but that's reality. Yes, even in today's world that you seem to think is so much different than the past. A premise I disagree with, I think humans as a species haven't changed a bit. In fact this perspective seems very First World centric. When their governments collapse and they face poverty and civil war, they will be capable of the same brutality as they and everyone did in the past. In otherwords it's easy to claim a moral highground and understanding when one lives in prosperity, with law and peace. All it takes is one push and they will do what human history is full of. I am sure Enlightnment thinkers thought that times changed and that now people are going to become better, and reality slapped them in the face a few decades later. The only systemic change that happened is the birth of modern states that are much more capable of monopolizing power and violence.
As for Augustus not being a revolutionary. A revolution in the classic meaning of the term, which is how I am using it, means an overthrowal of the system and paradigm of governance via a popular uprising motivated by ideological and / or economic and / or social factors.
That's not what Augustus did. Augustus took control of the system and gradually (and slowly) changed it from within, all the while claiming and showing that he is turning it back to the way it was. He did not lead a popular revolt and uprising at all. And he did not kill when he won the civil war and started to reform the system. His ruthless phase was when he was consolidating his power and fighting a bloody civil war, not when he was reforming the system.
If you use the word "revolutionary" to mean someone who changed things a lot, then yea of course Augustus is a revolutionary. But saying that lacks nuance and doesn't distinguish him as a reformist statesman, which is what he was.