This is adaptive exposure. Its meant to simulate the way the human eye adapts from low to high light levels and vice versa.
It is frequently misused. It takes much longer for human eyes to adapt from high to low light conditions than the other way around. That is, gaining natural night vision can take hours, whereas if you are going from darkness to sudden bright light, you are temporarily blinded but the adaptation takes seconds to minutes.
In vehicles my theory is that the the A pillars, dash and roof block out a large part of screen space which in turn blocks out the sun (which is a giant, extremely bright area light). So inside the car you get this massive overexposure to compensate for the low light interior, but if driving east or west while the sun is low in the sky, it gets completely blown out through the windscreen. This can happen in any car. I haven't encountered it on bikes, which makes sense since there is no enclosure around you to block the light of the sun.