Each damage type has it's own Damage over time effect. Bleed is the physical DOT, Poison is the chemical DOT, Shock is the Electrical DOT, Fire is the Thermal DOT etc.
To answer the question, yes, bleed is linked with blade weapons due to some perks but its not exclusive to them. Any gun/ranged weapon can roll with physical damage.
but the question is if those bleeding perks add to ranged weapons with bleed DOT as well